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第二課 be動詞的三個現在式
必背1、動詞分二種,be動詞和一般動詞(簡稱V)。
必背2、be動詞的原始意思為「是」。
必背3、be動詞的現在式有三個,各有各的主人,不要弄錯囉!請看表格:
be動詞 |
am |
is |
are |
主人是誰?(用什麼主詞呢?) |
I(我)專用 |
1. he(他) 2. she(她) 3. it(它) 4. 第三人稱單數的主詞(我們兩個人講話時,提到的第三個人、動物、東西或事情,只有一個的時候) |
1. you(你、你們) 2. we(我們) 3. they(他們) 4. 主詞是複數時 |
例句 |
I am happy. |
1. He is happy. 他是高興的。 2. She is happy. 3. It is good. 4. My father is happy. My dog is happy. |
1. You are happy. 2. We are happy. 3. They are happy. 4. He and I are happy. The students are happy. |
必背1:be動詞的現在式有3個,即am、is、are
必背2:be動詞可以造成問句和否定句,不用請別人幫忙,自己辦得到。
必背3:只要把be動詞挪到句首,就是「嗎」問句了。因為中文解釋通常加了「嗎」在句尾。又叫Yes-No問句,因為通常用yes或no先回答。
必背4:否定句就是在be動詞的後面加上not(不)即可。請看以下表格說明:
be動詞 |
am |
is |
are |
肯定句 |
I am happy. 我是高興的。 |
1. He is happy. 2. She is happy. 3. It is good. 4. My father is happy. 5. My teacher is happy. |
1. You are happy. 2. We are happy. 3. They are happy. 4. He and I are happy. 5. The students are happy. |
疑問句 |
Am I happy? 我高興嗎? |
Is he happy? 他高興嗎? Is she happy? 她高興嗎? Is it good? 它很棒嗎? Is my father happy? 我爸爸高興嗎? Is my teacher happy? 我的老師高興嗎? |
Are you happy? 你高興嗎? Are we happy? Are they happy? Are he and I happy? Are the students happy? |
否定句 |
I am not happy. 我不高興。 |
He is not happy. 他不高興。 She is not happy. It is not good. My father is not happy. My teacher is not happy. |
You are not happy. 你不高興。 We are not happy. They are not happy. He and I are not happy. The students are not happy. |
記住: 一個句子只能有一個動詞,如果有兩個(或以上)一定要想辦法解決。
例1:我喜歡籃球。I like basketball. (○) I am like basketball. (╳)
註:like和be都是動詞,不能放一起,不然會打架喔!
例2:我正在打籃球。I am playing basketball. (○) I am play basketball. (╳)
註:am+ Ving就會形成「現在進行式」表達「正在做…」
例3:我喜歡打籃球。I like playing basketball. (○) I like to play basketball. (○)
I like play basketball. (╳)
註:like和play都是一般動詞,有兩種方式解決,把第二個 動詞加ing變成「動名詞」,要不就在兩個動詞中間加to(不定詞),整個to後面就叫做「不定詞片語」,當like的受詞。
例4:我們整晚又唱歌又跳舞。We sang and danced all night. (○)
We sang danced all night. (╳)
註:用「連接詞」(這裡是and)也可以把兩個動詞(sing和dance的過去式)連在一起。
(想要更深入了解兩個動詞在一起時要如何處理,請到另一篇文法教學→動名詞與不定詞)
必背:如果要表達「正在做什麼事」,要用「be+Ving」的句型。
(V有ing在後面拉著,就不會和be打架囉)這時候的Ving叫「現在分詞」,和like後面的Ving(動名詞)名稱不一樣喔!
例1:I eat an apple.(我吃蘋果)→ I am eating an apple. (我正在吃蘋果)
I am not eating an apple. (我不是在吃蘋果)
Am I eating an apple? (我在吃蘋果嗎?)
註:如果說 I
am eat apple.的話,am和eat就有兩個動詞同時出現,就打架了。
例2:You sleep. (你睡覺)→ You are sleeping. (你正在睡覺)
You are not sleeping. (你不是在睡覺)
Are you sleeping? (你在睡覺嗎?)
第六課、一般動詞碰到「主詞是第三人稱單數」現在式要加s或es
必背:一般動詞(V)在現在式時,如果主人是「第三人稱單數」後面要加「s」或「es」。 (請記:主詞是「三、單、現」→動詞加s或es)
主詞是單數,非「三單」 |
主詞是複數 |
主詞是第三人稱單數 |
1. I like basketball. |
2. They like basketball. |
3. He likes
basketball. |
4. You watch TV. |
5. She and I watch TV. |
6. She watches TV. |
7. I wash dishes.(洗盤子) |
8. Your brothers wash dishes. |
9. Your brother washes dishes. |
10. You play. |
11. He and his dog play. |
12. My dog plays under the
tree. |
所謂「第三人稱單數」是指「我跟你講話時(或我在講事情時)提到的第三個人或東西,只有一個的時候,不一定光指人,也可指動物、植物或無生物。 |
必背:用英語表達「過去的事情」要注意用「過去式」,be動詞的過去式有兩個。am和is的過去式是「was」,are的過去式是「were」。
be動詞 |
am |
is |
are |
現式式 |
I am happy. 我是高興的。 |
1. He is happy. 2. She is happy. 3. It is good. 4. My father is happy. 5. My teacher is happy. |
1. You are happy. 2. We are happy. 3. They are happy. 4. He and I are happy. 5. The students are happy. |
過去式 |
I was happy
yesterday. 我昨天很高興。 |
He was happy yesterday. 他昨天高興。 She was happy yesterday. It was good yesterday. My father was happy yesterday. My teacher was happy yesterday. |
You were happy yesterday. 你昨天高興。 We were happy yesterday. They were happy yesterday. |
疑問句 |
Was I happy? |
Was he happy? |
Were we happy? |
否定句 |
I was not
happy. |
He was not happy. |
You were not happy. |
必背:一般動詞(V)的過去式分為兩種:
(1)規則變化 :字尾加ed
(2)不規則變化只能死背
規則變化 |
不規則變化 |
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現在式 |
過去式 |
ed的唸法 |
現在式 |
過去式 |
cook 煮 |
cooked |
無聲子音後的ed唸t |
eat 吃 |
ate |
use 用 |
used |
有聲子音後的ed唸d |
see 看見 |
saw |
play 玩 |
played |
母音後的ed唸d |
do 做 |
did |
start 開始 |
started |
t、d之後的ed唸[Id] |
feel 感覺 |
felt |
like 喜歡 |
liked |
字尾有e時,加上d即可 |
hear 聽見 |
heard |
study |
studied |
子音+y時,去y加ied,唸法為原字尾音加d。 |
不規則動詞的三態變化,聲要聽聲音→請按這裡 |
(3)一般動詞的過去式,就不用在考慮人稱問題,不管規則、不規則變化,都不用像現在式時第三人稱單數要加s。請看例句:
現在式 |
過去式 |
|
You like me. 你喜歡我。 |
You liked me. 你過去喜歡我。 |
過去式,不管第幾人稱,都一樣。 |
I like you. 我喜歡你。 |
I liked you. 我喜歡過你。 |
|
He likes me. 他喜歡我。(主詞三單現V加s) |
He liked me. 他喜歡過我。 |
|
She likes me. 她喜歡我。(主詞三單現V加s) |
She liked me. 她以前喜歡我。 |
|
現在式動詞,表示目前或習慣性行為。 |
用過去式動詞表達時,是表示以前的行為。 |
必背觀念:
(1)一般動詞(V)自己無法造成問句及否定句,一定要請「無意義的助動詞」幫忙。現在式時,通常用do幫忙,主詞是第三人稱單數時用does。過去式時,不管主詞是誰都用did幫忙。
(2)而且要記住一個非常重要的規則:任何的助動詞後面的動詞,都要變成原形動詞。(公式:助V+原V)
(3)所謂「原形動詞」就是字尾或本身不能有所變化的動詞,例如eating、ate的原形就是eat(吃);studying、studied的原形就是study(研讀)。
肯定句 |
疑問句 |
否定句 |
備註 |
You like me. |
Do you like me? |
You do not like me. |
do和does的過去式都是did |
You liked me. |
Did you like me? |
You did not like me. |
|
I like you. |
Do I like
you? |
I do not
like you. |
|
I liked you. |
Did I like you? |
I did not like you. |
like變原形了(字尾的d不見了) |
He likes me. |
Does he like me? 他喜歡我嗎? |
He does not like me. 他不喜歡我。 |
主詞「三單」現在式時,用does |
He liked me. |
|
他以前不喜歡我。 |
不管like加s或d,一碰到助動詞does或did,都要變原形(不可加字尾) |
必背觀念:
(1)不管句子裡的動詞是be動詞(即am、is、are)還是一般動詞(V),一提到「未來的事情」,就要在前面加上will(將要),形成「未來式」。
(2)我們把will翻譯成「將要;將會」,它本身是個「助動詞」,所以後面的be動詞要用原形(即be),一般動詞也要變成「原形動詞」(即不可加s、ed、ing等)(不規則動詞也要變回原形,例如ate要變回原形eat)
(3)因為will是助動詞,所以疑問句、否定句都不必請別人幫忙,自己就可以造成。
(4)will not的縮寫變成won’t (將不)。
|
肯定句 |
否定句 |
疑問句 |
現在式 |
I am happy. 我高興。 You are happy. 你高興。 He is happy. 他高興。 |
I am not happy. 我不高興。 You are not happy. 你不高興。 He is not happy. 他不高興。 |
Am I happy? 我高興嗎? Are you happy? 你高興嗎? Is he happy? 他高興嗎? |
過去式 |
I was happy. You were happy. He was happy. |
I was not happy. You were not happy. He was not happy. |
Was I happy? Were you happy? Was he happy? |
說明:沒有說出明確指出過去時間的話,不好翻譯,只知道「過去某個時間」發生的事。 |
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未來式 |
I will be happy. 我到時會高興的。 You will be happy. 你到時會高興的。 He will be happy. 他到時會高興的。 |
I will not be happy. 我到時會不高興的。 You will not be happy. 你到時會不高興的。 He will not be happy. 他到時會不高興的。 (= He won’t be happy.) |
Will I be happy? 我到時會高興嗎? Will you be happy? 你到時會高興嗎? Will he be happy? 他到時會高興嗎? |
說明2:will不定第幾人稱,都可以用,am, is, are都要變成原形—be。 |
(1) 有wh-疑問詞的問句,wh-都放第一位,比be動詞或助動詞當老大時還大(「嗎」問句時be動詞或助動詞一定放句首),所以我叫這些wh-疑問詞為「大哥大」。
(2)「大哥大」有六個,因為都有「何」的意思,故叫「六何」。what(何事/物)、where(何處)、why(為何)、when(何時)、who(何人)、how(如何)。(還有一個which(哪一個)用法也類似)
(3) 口訣:大哥大+小跟班+主詞(+動詞)。說明:肯定句改「嗎」問句時,把be動詞掉到句首即可。例如:You are a student.你是學生。→Are you a student?你是學生嗎?句中有一般動詞時,請助動詞幫忙,例如:You like him.你喜歡他。→Do you like him? 你喜歡他嗎?這時be動詞及助動詞好像大哥一樣,威風八面,但碰到了wh-的疑問詞,確只能尾隨其後了,所以我叫wh-的疑問詞為「大哥大」。
「六何」舉例 |
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疑問詞(大哥大) |
和be動詞一起用時 |
和助動詞及一般動詞一起用時 |
what什麼事/東西 |
What are you doing? 你在做什麼? |
What do you do? 你做什麼行業的? |
where 什麼地方 |
Where are you? 你在哪裡? |
Where do you live? 你住在哪裡? |
when 什麼時候 |
When is your birthday? |
When do you want to go home? |
why 為什麼 |
Why are you late? 你為何遲到? |
Why do you come early? 你為什麼早來了? |
who什麼人 |
Who are you? 你是誰? |
Who do you live with? 你和誰住一起? |
how 怎麼樣 |
How are you? |
How do you go to school? |
Wh-疑問詞與be動詞合用時 |
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|
肯定句 |
「嗎」問句 |
「大哥大」問句 |
現在式 |
You are happy. 你是高興的。 He is sleeping. 他正在睡覺。 |
Are you happy? 你高興嗎? Is he sleeping? 他正在睡覺嗎? |
Why are you happy? 你為什麼高興? Where is he sleeping? 他在哪邊睡覺? |
過去式 |
She was sad yesterday. 她昨天很傷心。 You were tired. 你那時很累。 |
Was she sad yesterday? 她昨天傷心嗎? Were you tired? 你那時很累嗎? |
When was she sad? 她什麼時候傷心的? Why were you tired? 你那時為何很累? |
未來式 |
I will
be there. 我到時會去那裡的。 He will
be with you. 他會和你在一起。 |
Will I be there? 我到時會去那裡嗎?。 Will
he be with you? 他會和你在一起嗎? |
How will I be there? 我到時如何去那裡呢? When will he be with you? 他何時會和你在一起? |
Wh-疑問詞與助動詞及一般動詞合用時
|
肯定句 |
「嗎」問句 |
「大哥大」問句 |
現式式 |
You like her. 你喜歡她。 He likes her. 他喜歡她。 |
Do you like her? 你喜歡她嗎? Does he like her? 他喜歡她嗎? |
Why do you like
her? 你為什麼喜歡她? How does he like
her? 他喜歡她的程度如何? |
說明:助動詞(does)後面的一般動詞要變成原形動詞,不能再加s或es。 |
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過去式 |
You met him. 你遇見了他。 He killed the
dog. 他把狗給殺了。 |
Did you meet him? 你有遇到他嗎? Did he kill the dog? 他把狗殺了嗎? |
Who did you meet? 你遇到誰了? When did he
kill the dog? 他是什麼時候把狗殺 掉的? |
說明:助動詞後面的一般動詞都要從過去式變成原形動詞。 |
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未來式 |
I will beat
you. 我會打敗你的。 He will hurt
her. 他會傷害她的。 |
Will I beat you? 我會打敗你嗎?。 Will he hurt her? 他會傷害她嗎? |
How will I beat
you? 我要怎樣才能打敗你呢? Who will he hurt? 他會傷害誰? |